Part 1

Health is the most crucial elements that operates a human very well. Without having a good health, people cannot give their full potential. But human health is not fully in the hand of them. A portion of human health is dependent on the environment from where they belong to, and another part is dependent on that person. This essay is going to present hypertension as a global health concern that is affecting the people of India, specifically in Delhi. Delhi is the most air polluted city (IQAIR, 2024), for which, it has been selected. Along with that, the essay will also evaluate how public health is associated with health inequalities. The essay also will describe key global and national drivers as well as other factors associated with health inequalities.

There are a lot of key global public health issues due to the environment pollution. The subject country of this essay is India, especially Delhi, where air and water pollution are most. Most common diseases in the air polluted areas are Hypertension, Heart Attacks and Strokes, and Asthma (Li et al., 2018). Of them, Hypertension is the most common diseases that affects almost all the people in the polluted area (Li et al., 2018).

High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a major global public health hazard that silently destroys lives and communities all over the world. When the blood artery pressure is very high (140/90 mmHg or above), one may have hypertension, or high blood pressure. Although frequent, if left untreated, it can become dangerous (Staessen et al., 2003). High blood pressure patients cannot exhibit any symptoms. One can only find out by having the blood pressure measured.

Figure: Hypertension affected people (Statista, 2023b)

Though it is one of the most common diseases in most countries, this is at an epidemic level in some countries where air pollution is the most (Li et al., 2018). As can be seen that urban people are the majority of the victim. Hypertension is one of the major health problems that air pollution has been connected to. A study by Tykhonova et al., (2022) found a direct and indirect link between air pollution and hypertension in a certain location. Particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter are referred to as fine particulate matter, or PM2.5, and they are a major source of air pollution. Tykhonova et al. (2022) claim that prolonged or brief exposure to elevated PM2.5 concentrations might cause cardiovascular problems, such as elevated blood pressure. People’s hypertension is increased by both particles and gases in the contaminated region. Hypertension is also linked to nitric dioxide and other gaseous substances that are present in ambient air pollution (Sanidas et al., 2017).

Largest air pollution victims are Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Philippines and similar third world countries. According to a graph published in Statista, India is in the third most air polluted countries in the world and Delhi (A city of India) is the second most air polluted cities in the world (IQAIR, 2024).

Figure: Most air polluted countries in the world (Statista, 2023a)

The primary indicator of air pollution in Delhi is the elevated concentration of tiny particulate matter (PM2.5). PM2.5 is made up of elements including black carbon, heavy metals, nitrates, and sulfates (IQAIR, 2024).

According to the statistics of WHO (2023), Only about 12% people with hypertension in India have their blood pressure under control. Remaining 88% population fails to control their blood pressure or hypertension due to the health inequality among the people created by air pollution.

Hypertension is relate to the health inequality due to the air pollution scenario in India. Buildings, industries, and automobile emissions all contribute to higher pollution levels in metropolitan areas (McCartney et al., 2019; Braveman et al., 2000). The communities in these metropolitan areas have higher rates of hypertension and related health issues because of increased pollution exposure (Carr-Hill et al., 2005).

Disparities within certain minority groups are the cause of the public health problem. Populations, like the elderly, children, and those with underlying medical issues, are more vulnerable to the negative consequences of air pollution (McCartney et al., 2019). These age groups are more susceptible since they are less equipped to defend against different illnesses (Sanidas et al., 2017). The inequality of age, however, impacts the level of hypertension among these population.

Additionally, the relationship between the effects of air pollution on hypertension and socioeconomic characteristics and community involvement, such as occupation and education, intersects (Sanidas et al., 2017). Exposure levels may be higher for people who work outside or reside in locations with poor air quality.

Finding health disparities in a selected nation, like India, especially in a particular setting, like Delhi’s hypertension from air pollution, calls for a multimodal strategy that incorporates qualitative research techniques, quantitative data analysis, and community involvement (Braveman et al., 2000). An outline of the steps one may take to complete this procedure is provided below:

Data Collection and Analysis: Secondary data gathering methods were used to get primary data on the population’s health owing to air pollution and the weather. Demographic data, including age, gender, socioeconomic position, ethnicity, and educational attainment, were collected (Carr-Hill et al., 2005).

Additionally, information on health status was gathered from secondary sources. Information on health-related topics has been gathered from many sources, including death rates, prevalence rates of certain disorders (like hypertension), and risk factors (including smoking and physical inactivity) (Goldsmith, 1972). Map health outcomes and environmental variables (such as air pollution levels) across various regions using geographic information systems (GIS).

Once more, the population’s health in the region has been compared to that of other cities to ascertain whether it is in excellent health. These statistics are accessible online on several websites that compare pollution and health data from different places throughout the globe (Braveman et al., 2000). This is also greatly aided by the application of statistical techniques.

Comparison method best works to identify inequalities across cities, genders, ages, and other areas. But comparing the statistics from different criteria, researchers can determine which city or demography is better or getting more privileges than others (Harris, Pennington and Whitehead, 2017). So, to identify inequalities among different cities and characteristics, data has been collected from various sources and they are compared to each other to find the inequalities.

Part 2

The social determinants of health are non-medical factors that significantly influence health outcomes. Their impact on health outcomes and inequities among diverse communities is significant (Marmot, 2005). These non-medical variables affect the healthiness of people as well as groups living within states hence resulting in health inequities between different demographic groups. According to Adler et al. (2016), general well-being is improved by things like social security benefits, which are social safety measures, and having enough money to live on.

Health outcomes are strongly impacted by social safety net access and income levels. Higher wages are often associated with better living standards, healthier diets, and easier access to healthcare. Most people living in developing nations like India are impoverished and lack access to quality medical care. Families from lower-class backgrounds have less access to quality medical care (Tugwell et al., 2007).

In terms of health, education is vital. Because educated people are more likely to adopt healthy habits and seek preventative treatment, higher education levels are linked to improved health outcomes. A person’s education is the most important factor in determining what they should do (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2012). Without the right education, people could not know what is appropriate.

Health disparities may result from a lack of access to a nutrient-rich diet. People who are illiterate or ignorant also avoid eating the right foods. Long-term illnesses are caused by an unhealthy diet (Baru and Mohan, 2018).

The surroundings, housing, and essential amenities: Good health depends on having access to clean water, sanitary conditions, enough housing, and a safe environment. India is among the world’s most populous countries (Baru and Mohan, 2018). The most populous region or city in India is Delhi. In the city, people have very little room to live (Tugwell et al., 2007). Ultimately, some factors like unhealthy living conditions, bad weather and others are responsible for the discrimination.

To address global health inequities and promote equitable access to healthcare, health systems governance is essential. Let’s explore this subject in more detail. According to Tugwell et al. (2007), it is crucial for influencing health outcomes and addressing health inequities. Strategic policy frameworks are guaranteed by effective health systems governance. These frameworks direct system design, allocation of assets, and the delivery of healthcare. They also encourage openness and responsibility.

Research has consistently shown that individuals with lower educational attainment tend to have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Differential access to safe housing, wholesome food, and healthcare results from disparities in income, education, employment, and housing (Adler et al., 2016). Racial inequalities in heart disease mortality are partly caused by long-lasting racial variances in educational achievement.

Research has shown time and time again that socioeconomic status has a significant impact on health outcomes. persons with lower socioeconomic status frequently experience worse health outcomes than persons with higher socioeconomic standing, according to Singh et al. (2017). Status financially has a big influence on health. Lower health outcomes are often linked to lower socioeconomic status (Kneipp et al., 2018).

Inequalities in the infrastructure and healthcare systems among countries are among the primary reasons for health inequalities (Kneipp et al., 2018). Indeed, there are still health differences between countries, and they are caused by a complex interaction of several causes. Many low- and middle-income countries’ healthcare systems are fragmented, underfunded, and unable to meet the demands of growing populations (Kneipp et al., 2018; Adler et al., 2016). Cross-sectional and longitudinal disparities in health, clinical care, medical practices, and social elements of health (SDOH) between rural and non-rural county in the pre-pandemic timeframe (2015 to 2019) were investigated in research published in PLOS Global Public Health.

Health behaviors, access to treatment, and health outcomes are greatly influenced by the interaction of gender norms, cultural values, and social cohesion. Gender disparities in access to school and employment opportunities may contribute to different health outcomes for men and women (Adler et al., 2016). Indeed, this disparity increases the issues among gender roles as well as in other sectors also.

Socioeconomic status significantly impacts health. People with lower income and wealth face barriers to accessing quality healthcare. They may delay seeking medical attention due to financial constraints, leading to worse health outcomes. Addressing income inequality and ensuring equitable access to healthcare services are essential steps (Link and Phelan, 2010). India is the home of about 125 crore people, most of which live in the major cities. All of the population does not have the similar socioeconomic condition. So, the definition of right, obligations are to be measured on the basis of socio-economic condition of the people. With that, the availability of healthcare depends on the basis of the social status of the people (Link and Phelan, 2010). In general, people of middle or lower middle class have less access than the higher or upper class population.

The degree of education has an impact on preventative measure comprehension, health literacy, and health behavior. Higher educated people often lead better lifestyles and make wiser health-related decisions. Disparities can be decreased by promoting health literacy and education (Link and Phelan, 2010). Inequality in the population is not caused by education. However, when it comes to using healthcare services, educated people might be more selective than ignorant ones.

A complex web of socioeconomic variables interacts to produce health disparities that have a substantial influence on health outcomes. People’s life and general health are shaped by these non-medical elements (Link and Phelan, 2010). Unemployment and job insecurity have a detrimental effect on health. Having a stable job is essential for wellbeing.

The multidimensional poverty index (MPI), which measures health, education, and standard of living, indicates progress in these domains over time in India. However, significant challenges remain (Marmot, 2005). High rates of indoor air pollution from biomass fuel, undernutrition among children, and unimproved sanitation are persistent issues. Despite narrowing gender gaps in education, there has been no measurable change in women’s participation in governance or the labour force (Marmot, 2005). Alarmingly high levels of outdoor air pollution continue to be a major public health concern.

Part 3

Socioeconomic differences are crucial when it comes to hypertension since they exacerbate behavioral risks to health, access to care, and quality of care. Air pollution is not the sole factor that causes hypertension (Wardle and Steptoe, 2003). However, the primary cause of hypertension in Delhi’s environment and other similarly polluted locations is air pollution. Certain socioeconomic groups, especially those from low-income origins, experience severe disadvantages in the context of Delhi’s air pollution-induced hypertension epidemic, which feeds the cycle of health inequity.

Social factors give rise to health disparities, which result in systematic variations in health outcomes between population groups. These differences are caused by a number of factors, including socioeconomic position, education, and access to healthcare (Schnittker and McLeod, 2005). Examples of how disparities are felt include shorter life expectancies, greater rates of mental illness, and difficulties getting access to healthcare. Achieving health equity and enhancing general well-being depend heavily on addressing these issues via policies and initiatives.

The intricate interaction impacted by several factors exists between hypertension and socioeconomic position. Because of environmental exposures, limited availability to healthy food options, and increased stress levels brought on by economic instability, people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds often have higher incidences of hypertension (Vanasse et al., 2014).

Studies have indicated a correlation between an individual’s socioeconomic level (SES) and their risk of hypertension. Hypertension is more common in those from lower socioeconomic status origins (Schnittker and McLeod, 2005). The degree to which different socioeconomic groups may obtain healthcare services varies; impoverished communities face barriers such low income, no health insurance, and being in a remote area. Vanasse et al. (2014) state that the most prevalent issue facing individuals is money. Worldwide hospitals and health systems are facing never-before-seen financial strain as a result of the continuing COVID-19 epidemic. Residents in Delhi’s wealthier neighborhoods may have greater access to private hospitals that provide specialized hypertension treatment.

It is true that there are significant public health concerns regarding the differences in the frequency, diagnosis, and treatment of hypertension among various racial and ethnic groups. The World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized improving hypertension management (Vanasse et al., 2014). The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and other national surveys have shown notable racial and ethnic variations in the prevalence of high blood pressure. Research has shown that various ethnic and racial minorities in the US receive different treatments for hypertension.

Health inequalities are avoidable differences in health across different populations. These disparities arise from systemic factors that negatively affect living conditions, access to healthcare, and overall health status (Wardle and Steptoe, 2003). Chronic stress is a result of injustice and has an impact on one’s physical and emotional well-being. These distinctions can be observed between and within countries.

In order to lower health disparities, a multimodal strategy is necessary. Put into practice programs that address the socioeconomic determinants of health, including poverty, housing, and education. Programs for affordable housing and economic assistance, for example, can improve health outcomes. Make sure that everyone has access to high-quality medical care (Schnittker and McLeod, 2005). This include lowering costs, enhancing the infrastructure of healthcare, and encouraging preventative care. Improve the health literacy of underserved populations. Teach individuals how to prevent illness, lead healthy lives, and use the healthcare system. Involve communities in the process of making decisions. Local needs can be efficiently addressed by community-led initiatives.

A key idea in public health, health equity is to ensure justice and fairness in the allocation of health resources and services. It recognizes that everyone should have the opportunity to reach their full potential in terms of their overall health and well-being. According to Lynch (2017), there should be no unjust, preventable, or correctable disparities in health outcomes across different populations. This is known as health equality.

This involves carrying out health action initiatives that support general health and good lifestyles while giving disadvantaged and minority groups’ needs priority. Evidence-based interventions might include tactics that have been demonstrated to lessen health inequities, such thorough immunization campaigns, and food subsidy programs (Mackenbach, 2011).

In addition, it is critical to create digitally enabled care pathways that promote inclusion—particularly for those who run the risk of experiencing unfavorable health outcomes—and to restore health services in a way that does not disenfranchise vulnerable communities (Mackenbach, 2011). Programs for prevention that actively include populations at risk are particularly crucial because they may deal with problems before they become more serious health issues (Lynch, 2017). Enhancing leadership and responsibility in health systems may guarantee timely and comprehensive datasets, which are essential for tracking advancement and pinpointing problem areas.

Since these variables have a substantial influence on health outcomes, societal improvements must address the larger determinants of health, such as housing, income inequality, and education. Redistribution of income, empowerment, and openness in government can all lead to a more egalitarian society with less noticeable health disparities (Mackenbach, 2011). The ultimate objective is to attain sufficient universal health coverage through a process of all-inclusive, high-quality healthcare that is available to everyone, irrespective of socioeconomic background. A more egalitarian and health-conscious society may result from this all-encompassing strategy for lowering health disparities (Lynch, 2017).

Human health is the most asset of the person which can be contaminated not only by their fault, but also by the inequalities created by the upper class or others from the society (Rotegård et al., 2010). In the example of Delhi (India), all the people of the city are obviously not the air pollutants. Yet all of them must suffer due to the inequality created by the peoples. These inequalities can be created from education, standard of living, earnings, and space of living etc. However, the inequalities can be reduced by creating a multimodal strategy, digital pathways, and societal improvements. By implementing these strategies, the inequalities should be reduced and eliminated, if possible, to get a better and equal healthy society.

Implementing focused measures, such as increasing healthcare access through community health centers, charging on a sliding scale, and giving transportation services, is necessary to address health disparity. It is essential to implement education programs that emphasize healthy lifestyles and preventative care (Dankwa-Mullan and Pérez-Stable, 2016). The National Health Service (NHS) in the UK, which provides free healthcare at the point of delivery, and the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the United States, which extended Medicaid, are examples of current initiatives. Improving the social determinants of health, such as work, housing, and education, is also essential.

An Empowerment Intervention to Reduce Childhood Obesity in the UK

Introduction

Child obesity is a major public health problem in the UK that has effects on commons physical, mental, and social health. The amount of obesity and obese child increases the risk of long-term illnesses like diabetes and heart disease, as well as mental health glitches like depression and low self-esteem, and being shamed in public. We need a broad and changed method to deal with this problem (Denny, et al., 2013).

The goal of this project is to use principles, theories, and models for health promotion to come up with a reinforcement-based intervention that will help reduce child obesity. In the mediation, which is called “Healthy Future,” child, parents, and teachers are asked to help make changes that are good for everyone and can be kept up. Its goal is to progress knowledge about healthy lifestyles, create self-sufficiency, and create stable situations that are good for health.

“Healthy Futures” tries to promote a whole approach to fighting obesity by combining community engagement, educational drives, and strategy support. The mediation is based on long-standing ideas about how to improve health, so it guarantees a planned and workable way to promote healthier lifestyles, lower obesity rates, and even out health differences in the UK (Hayes, et al., 2018).

Nature of the Intervention

The intervention, called “Healthy Futures,” is a large, community-based programme that assistances child, parents, and teachers make better decisions about their lives. This approach works on diverse levels of effect, from a person’s behaviour to standards in the community, to make sure that there is a complete way to deal with dealing with child obesity (Bandura, and Hall, 2018).

Educational Workshops: The programme starts with a series of easy-to-use workshops made just for child and their parents. These schools talk about basic things like balanced nutrition, the importance of regular physical activity, and the risks that come with being obesity. The workshops want to build knowledge and awareness by using age-appropriate tools and connecting with tasks. This will assistance individuals make better choices about their lives (Luke, and Cooper, 2013).

Physical Activity Initiatives: “Healthy Futures” shows how significant it is to fit real work into daily plans. The programme works with schools to make sure that students have more real training classes and active breaks during the school day. It also sets up activities in the community, like family health challenges, dance classes, and end-of-week games, to inspire child and their families to be active on a regular basis (Rodgers, Paxton, and McLean, 2014).

Nutritional Guidance: The prayer provides personalised guidance and resources for health. As part of their work, nutritionists and dietitians help families make healthy dinner plans, teach cooking lessons, and find ways to eat healthy food on a budget. Schools are fortified to keep their meal programmes up to date so that students can get better options (D’Innocenzo, Biagi, and Lanari, 2019).

Continuous Support and Community Engagement: A big part of “Healthy Futures” is always being there to help and commit. Help groups are set up in the programme so that parents can share their experiences and methods. On top of that, it contains neighbourhood groups and leaders in spreading good lifestyle ideas. Regular follow-up talks and health checks are held to see how things are going and give more direction (Watts, et al., 2016).

Context of the Intervention Operating in the UK

In the UK, the rate of obesity and obese Childs and young adults has been rising dramatically, which is a basic general medical problem with big effects. According to data from the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP), the prevalence of obesity among children varies greatly depending on their family’s income, with child from lower-income families being especially affected. This difference demonstrations how significant it is to have named mediators in networks where resources and health education may be needed (Beynon, and Bailey, 2020).

The “Healthy Futures” discussion will take place in a diverse city locale known for having a fast-paced way of life for child. This group of individuals comes from a variety of countries and economic backgrounds, and a lot of them are having money glitches. These factors make it firmer for individuals to get healthy food, safe places to play sports, and health education, which makes the obesity crisis worse (D’Innocenzo, Biagi, and Lanari, 2019).

The mediation will happen in a variety of natural and open spaces in the area, such as schools, public places, and health offices that are close by. Schools are significant places for resolution activities since they are a regular part of child’ lives and offer structured lessons and chances to do active work. Public places provide a setting for workshops, support groups, and real work meetings, ensuring that everyone is welcome and that individuals are committed to the community. Neighbourhood health offices, like facilities and family health centres, offer a way to get professional help and regular health monitoring (Kêkê, et al., 2015).

Purpose of the Intervention

The main purpose of the “Healthy Futures” mediation is to lower the number of obesity and obese child in the chosen area by supporting healthy behaviour and creating an environment that is good for healthy living. This intervention tries to deal with diverse aspects of the weight plague in a broad way that is meant to get people involved and support change on a local level (Davies, 2019).

Enhancing Knowledge and Awareness: One important goal of the prayer is to raise awareness and knowledge about how important healthy eating and regular physical work are. “Healthy Futures” desires to teach child and their parents about healthy eating, living an active life, and the long-term health risks that come with being obesity through educational workshops and resources. The programme wants to help people make better choices and navigate with more knowledge by improving wellness education (Lampard, et al., 2014).

Encouraging Behaviour Change: Altering how act is significant for the prayer to go well. Systems based on strengthening theory are used in “Healthy Futures” to encourage and support changes in way of life. Members are encouraged to take an active role in their own health by the mediation’s personalised guidance, peer support groups, and activities that are led by people in the community. Setting goals, improving skills, and getting consistent help are other ways to strengthen, and they all assistance people get past obstacles that get in the way of keeping up good habits (Denny, et al., 2013).

Creating a Supportive Environment: The goal of the mediation is to create an environment that supports and inspires good choices about life. This contains pushing for better school meal programmes, making real work-study opportunities better in schools and other public places, and getting local groups involved in improving health. “Healthy Futures” tries to make lasting change possible by altering the environment to make making good choices easier and more accessible (Davies, 2019).

Reducing Health Disparities: One significant goal of the prayer is to address gaps in welfare. The programme assistances low-income groups that are more likely to be obesity by making sure that resources and support are given properly. By focusing on these weak groups, “Healthy Futures” tries to fix any glitches with health outcomes and make it easier for people to get to resources and opportunities that improve health (Hayes, et al., 2018).

Application of Health Promotion Models, Theories, and Approaches

Empowerment Theory

The empowerment theory backs up the intervention, focusing on giving people and networks the tools they need to deal with their health glitches and ways of acting. Through interactive methods, the mediation aims to create a sense of self-adequacy and a limit on the local area (Kêkê, et al., 2015).

Social Cognitive Theory

The Social cognitive Hypothesis by Albert Bandura is used to understand and change behaviour. Important parts are:

• Observational Learning: Schools can use peer displays to show good ways to behave (Bandura, and Hall, 2018).
• Self-Efficacy: Giving child consistent wins and positive comments can assistance them believe in their ability to change bad habits (Lampard, et al., 2014).
• Outcome Expectations: Parents and child are being taught about the long-term benefits of healthy eating and physical activity (McLean, Paxton, and Wertheim, 2013).

Ecological Model

The Natural Model emphasises how people are connected to the places they live. It has a range of effects, from mild to severe:

• Individual Level: Tailored education and goal setting.
• Interpersonal Level: Family workshops and peer provision groups (Luke, and Cooper, 2013).
• Organizational Level: Good food choices and regular physical work are encouraged by school plans.
• Community Level: Works with local groups and organisations to create situations that improve health (Lumeng, et al., 2015).
• Policy Level: Call for strategies that assistance students make better food choices in schools and for city planning that supports active lifestyles (van den Berg, Mikolajczak, and Bemelmans, 2013).

Ethical Considerations

The “Healthy Futures” settlement is planned and carried out with moral concerns in mind to make sure it is respectful, thorough, and fair for everyone involved.

Informed Consent: A key ethical principle is to protect willing interest. Guardians and children should be fully informed about the mediation’s goals, methods, expected benefits, and any risks that may be involved. There will be itemised agreement processes, and members will be able to ask questions about important topics and leave at any time without any consequences. Being open and honest builds trust and makes sure that members are eager to join the programme (Thurston, et al., 2017).

Confidentiality: Protecting the safety of people is very significant. Any personal information received during the meditation, like health measures and personal information, will be kept very secret. The information will be put away safely, and only authorised staff will be able to get to it. The results will be announced in a way that protects people’s privacy by not naming them (McLean, Paxton, and Wertheim, 2013).

Equity: It is significant to address health disparities by making sure that the settlement is open to all neighbourhood groups, especially underrepresented ones. There will be efforts to include individuals from a range of income backgrounds. This means providing things in various languages, making sure that spaces are accessible, and adapting activities to meet the needs of individuals from diverse social groups. The goal of the mediation is to reduce differences in wellbeing and improve the fairness of wellbeing outcomes by focusing on worth (Lumeng, et al., 2015).

Non-Stigmatization: Child should not be called names or have bad things said about them since of their weight or health. Not only will the prayer focus on weight loss, but it will also work to progress overall health and wealth. The language and activities will be carefully chosen to be complete and consistent, promoting a friendly and respectful environment. If all other things are similar, focusing on traits and successes instead of flaws keeps up the dignity and confidence (Rodgers, Paxton, and McLean, 2014).

 

 

Evaluation

The “Healthy Futures” mediation’s evaluation plan includes both contact and result evaluations to get a full picture of how well it works (Beynon, and Bailey, 2020).

Process Evaluation: This point of view is based on seeing performance loyalty, member commitment, and fulfilment. Key tactics include studies to get feedback from members and trainers, centre meetings to learn more about members’ experiences and thoughts, and monitoring plans to make sure activities are run as planned. These tactics help in identifying traits and areas for growth all the time, making sure the programme goes as planned and solves glitches for members (Thurston, et al., 2017).

Outcome Evaluation: Here, we try to guess how the intervention changed members’ knowledge, attitudes, and actions related to food and physical activity. Changes in health teaching and attitudes will be looked at before and after mediation. Changes in the BMI and obesity rates of child who are taking part will be tracked with health tests. School records will give more information about how much work do and what you usually eat. These predictions of the results will show if the mediation is effective at reaching its health improvement goals (van den Berg, Mikolajczak, and Bemelmans, 2013).

Longitudinal Follow-Up: Follow-up evaluations will be done at regular intervals after the intervention ends to see how long-lasting the changes in behaviour are and how they affect obesity rates. These evaluations will assistance figure out if the mediation’s positive effects last over time and show what changes need to be made for the next round of the programme (Watts, et al., 2016).

Conclusion

The “Healthy Futures” intercession demonstrations how standards, theories, and models for health improvement can be used to help child who are obesity by making them stronger. Getting child, families, schools, and the wider community involved should help build a strong environment that encourages healthier lifestyles and lowers the number of obesity people. Through thorough educational drives, real work advancement, and food guidance, the mediation aims to assistance members make health changes that they can keep up. Sticking to ethical considerations and following a full review plan will make sure that the mediation works, is valuable, and can be supported. “Healthy Futures” talks about a broad and community-based approach to dealing with child obesity that could have a long-lasting good impact on health in the UK.

References

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Beynon, C. and Bailey, L., 2020. Prevalence of severe childhood obesity in Wales UK. Journal of Public Health, 42(4), pp. e435-e439.

D’Innocenzo, S., Biagi, C. and Lanari, M., 2019. Obesity and the Mediterranean diet: a review of evidence of the role and sustainability of the Mediterranean diet. Nutrients, 11(6), p.1306.

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Harris, R.V., Pennington, A. and Whitehead, M., 2017. Preventive dental visiting: a critical interpretive synthesis of theory explaining how inequalities arise. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, 45(2), pp.120-134.

India Today Health Desk, 2023. Air pollution in Delhi, Chennai increasing risk of diabetes, new study finds. Available at: https://www.indiatoday.in/health/story/air-pollution-in-delhi-chennai-increasing-risk-of-diabetes-new-study-finds-2457064-2023-11-02

IQAIR, 2024. Live most polluted major city ranking Tooltip icon. Available at: https://www.iqair.com/world-air-quality-ranking

Kneipp, S.M., Schwartz, T.A., Drevdahl, D.J., Canales, M.K., Santacroce, S., Santos Jr, H.P. and Anderson, R., 2018. Trends in health disparities, health inequity, and social determinants of health research: a 17-year analysis of NINR, NCI, NHLBI, and NIMHD funding. Nursing research, 67(3), pp.231-241.

Lynch, J., 2017. Reframing inequality? The health inequalities turn as a dangerous frame shift. Journal of Public Health, 39(4), pp.653-660.

Link, B.G. and Phelan, J., 2010. Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities. Handbook of medical sociology, 6(3), p.17.

Li, T.G., Yang, B.Y., Fan, S.J., Schikowski, T., Dong, G.H. and Fuks, K.B., 2018. Outdoor air pollution and arterial hypertension. Blood Pressure-From Bench to Bed, pp.19-42.

McCartney, G., Popham, F., McMaster, R. and Cumbers, A., 2019. Defining health and health inequalities. Public health, 172, pp.22-30.

Marmot, M., 2005. Social determinants of health inequalities. The lancet, 365(9464), pp.1099-1104.

Mackenbach, J.P., 2011. Can we reduce health inequalities? An analysis of the English strategy (1997–2010). Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 65(7), pp.568-575.

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Statista, 2023a. Average PM2.5 concentration in the most polluted countries worldwide in 2023. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1135356/most-polluted-countries-in-the-world/

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Health Protection

Student Name:

Student ID:

 

Table of contents

SECTION A: Measles. 3

Q1. Measles Burden and Public Health Impacts: A Case Study of Brazil 3

Q2. Immediate Public Health Response to Suspected Measles Outbreak. 4

Q3. Preventing Measles Transmission: Understanding the Chain. 5

Q4. Managing Measles Outbreaks: Roles & Responsibilities. 6

Q5. Significant Notice: Measles Outbreak Alert 7

References. 9

Section B.. 10

Q1. Air Pollution’s Health Impacts: Brazil 10

Q2. Effective Interventions for Air Pollution Reduction. 11

Q3. Communicating Key Points on Air Quality. 13

References. 15

 

 

 

 

SECTION A: Measles

Q1. Measles Burden and Public Health Impacts: A Case Study of Brazil

Brazil is dealing with a lot of health glitches right now since of measles. Recent outbreaks have demonstrated the glitches the country is having. Even though Brazil has been able to control the disease in the past, there have been a lot of new cases of measles lately, and they are happening in diverse places. Some of the things that have led to this revitalisation are poor vaccination coverage, financial glitches, and gaps in access to medical services (Bae, and Chang, 2021).

In Brazil, there is clear disparity in who is exposed to measles. Some places and groups of individuals are more likely to get it than others. Since of limits on who can get vaccinated and who can watch for sickness, measles often spreads more rapidly in remote or impoverished areas where individuals can’t easily get medical care. Native individuals, like those who live in the Amazon jungle, are especially abandoned since it’s hard for them to get to medical offices and get vaccinations (World Health Organization, 2022).

Alterations in measles effects are made worse by changes in money. Fewer individuals, like those who live in urban ghettos or local areas, are more likely to not be able to get measles since they don’t have access to good medical care, are poor, or haven’t been taught how significant vaccinations are. For instance, when measles spread in Brazil from 2018 to 2019, it mostly affected low-pay networks in states like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where vaccination rates were not very good (Allington, et al., 2021).

In Brazil, measles outbreaks have long-lasting effects on individuals’ health that go beyond short-term health effects. They stress out medical care resources and mess up regular medical care services. Hospitalisations due to measles glitches put a lot of stress on medical care workers, especially in areas with limited resources. In addition, the costs of responding to an event and setting up medical care add to the present financial glitches.

 

 

Q2. Immediate Public Health Response to Suspected Measles Outbreak

Before a conclusive diagnosis of measles is made, quick steps should be taken to protect the health of the area and stop the disease from spreading:

1. Isolation of Suspected Cases: Any individuals giving side effects predictable with measles ought to be unglued quickly to forestall likely transmission to other individuals. Detachment measures ought to incorporate isolating the one from others and giving proper disease control insurances, like wearing covers and rehearsing respiratory cleanliness (Garfin, Silver, and Holman, 2020).
2. Contact Tracing and Quarantine: Take quick action to get in touch with individuals think may have been unprotected to thought cases, both at school and in the surrounding area. Close contacts, like coworkers, teachers, and family members, should be told to self-quarantine at home for a set amount of time, usually 14 days, to stop any choice gearbox (Hui, et al., 2020).
3. Communication with School and Parents: Tell the elementary school management and parents of students who are enrolled about the cases of measles and the steps being taken to inspect and control the situation. Tell them how to distinguish the symptoms of measles, how to get medical help if they need it, and how to perform preventative steps like washing their hands and breathing properly (Chorus, and Welker, 2021).
4. Enhanced Surveillance and Reporting: Advance research methods to look for more thought cases and make sure responding health professionals at the right time. Medical service providers should be told about the possibility of measles cases and told to report any suspected cases right away so that they can be looked into further.
5. Preventive Measures: Inspire individuals who are qualified but not fully vaccinated or whose status is indistinct to get vaccinated. Give individuals who can’t help themselves measles-containing vaccine (MMR) to aid them build tolerance and stop the disease from spreading. This includes trainees, staff, and close contacts (Chorus, and Welker, 2021).

 

Q3. Preventing Measles Transmission: Understanding the Chain

Measles spreads through a chain of six connections: an attractive expert, a supplier, a doorway of leave, a method of transmission, an entrance of passage, and a vulnerable host. The enticing expert, measles, typically lives in the nasal fumes of infected individuals, acting as a source. The infection leaves the body through nasal beads that come out when cough or hack. These beads act as an entry and exit. In terms of the way of transmission, it can happen through direct touch with nasal beads or unintended contact with dirty surfaces. The infection gets into the body through the mucus membranes of the nasal tract, which act as a doorway for section. It infects weak hosts, especially those that aren’t resilient (Bae, and Chang, 2021).

Helpers should focus on diverse points along the chain of infection to stop the spread of measles:

1. Vaccination: The best way to stop the spread of measles is to get vaccinated. Managing the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine makes defenceless individuals resistant, which breaks the chain of contagion by reducing the number of weak hosts.
2. Isolation and Quarantine: Isolating close contacts and cutting off contact with infected individuals can help break the chain of transmission by stopping contact with nasal releases. This describes it’s not likely that the disease will spread to individuals who can’t get better (Hui, et al., 2020).
3. Respiratory Hygiene: Increasing respiratory hygiene practices, such as hiding coughs and hacks with tissues or elbows, lowers the number of respiratory drops that carry the contagion. This stops the measles from spreading in that area.
4. Hand Hygiene: Regularly washing hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitizers gets rid of infection-causing germs from hands and surfaces, making it less likely that they will spread through unintentional touch.
5. Environmental Cleaning: Cleaning surfaces that are often touched, especially in high-risk places like schools and medical offices, makes the illness less likely to stick to the surface and stops regressive transmission (Magill, et al., 2014).

 

Q4. Managing Measles Outbreaks: Roles & Responsibilities

Due to the ongoing measles outbreak, the health insurance team should set up a full management system to stop the infection from dispersal and lessen its impact on the area. Some of the most significant tasks and responsibilities of those answering the episode are:

1. Health Protection Team: The response efforts are led by the health security team, which plans with other partners to carry out control measures. As part of their job, they have to talk to individuals in general and medical care providers, follow up with contacts, observe, and write letters (World Health Organization, 2022).
2. Case Management: Medical service providers are responsible for keeping an eye on confirmed cases of measles. This contains looking for side effects, keeping things in mind all the time, and making sure that the correct amount of space is set up to stop the infection from growing. They are also very significant for helping health professionals understand cases (Magill, et al., 2014).
3. Contact Tracing Team: A dedicated group does contact following to find individuals who may not have been endangered from getting measles (Allington, et al., 2021). Meeting with planned cases and their associates to find possible receptiveness regions and get individuals who are likely to get sick to know them (Greenberg, et al., 2020) is part of this.
4. Public Health Communicators: General health marketers are in charge of getting accurate and timely information about the flare-up out to the community, medical service providers, and other significant partners. To stop the spread of measles, they handle worries, give guidance on how to stay healthy, and boost vaccination rates (Harris, Pritchard, and Rabins, 2018).
5. Vaccination Team: A team working on vaccinations is planning to get more abandoned individuals in the affected area vaccinated. They give MMR antibodies to individuals who are eligible, such as close families of confirmed cases and individuals whose vaccination status is unclear (Kumar, and Goel, 2019).

 

 

 

Q5. Significant Notice: Measles Outbreak Alert

[Date]

Dear

Re: Measles Outbreak Notification

I’m writing to let you know about a new case of measles in our local, specifically at our elementary school. As you may know, some kids between the ages of 5 and 9 have shown symptoms consistent with measles, and tests at the research centre have confirmed cases of measles in two kids who go to our school.

Measles is caused by a very contagious virus that can spread very quickly among individuals who haven’t been vaccine, especially children. A high fever, hacking cough, running nose, and a red rash are common side effects. Individuals who are young, pregnant, or don’t have strong immune systems are more likely to get really sick from measles.

In light of this event, it is significant to take extra precautions to protect our children and the surrounding area. I think you should be careful:

Vaccination: Make sure that all of your child’s shots are up-to-date, including the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) shot. Inoculation is the best way to stop the spread of measles and all of its complications (Garfin, Silver, and Holman, 2020).

Monitoring for Symptoms: A fever, hack, runny nose, and a red rash are all signs that your child might have measles. If any of these side effects happen to your child, if it’s not too much trouble, keep them at home and get medical help right away.

Hygiene Practices: Encourage regular washing of hands with soap and water, especially before eating and after going to the toilet. To stop the spread of respiratory beads, teach your child to cover their mouth and nose with a towel or their elbow when they cough or hack (Kumar, and Goel, 2019).

Evading Close Interaction: should try not to get too close to bizarre individuals, especially those who are showing signs of measles. To do this, need to stay away from crowded places and other individuals as much as possible.

Seeking Medical Advice: As soon as someone thinks that a child has been in close touch with someone who has confirmed having measles or is showing symptoms of measles, they should call a medical care provider right away for more tests and advice (Greenberg, et al., 2020).

We know that this news might be upsetting, but please know that we are doing everything we can to retain our students and staff safe and healthy. Our school and nearby mental health specialists are working composed to set up the right controls and help individuals and families who have been affected.

Please share any other thoughts have about the measles case or how to keep individuals from getting it if it’s not too much worry.

Thank you very much for working with us and serving our nearby school grow.

Sincerely,

[Your Name]

[Position/Title]

 

 

References

Allington, D., Duffy, B., Wessely, S., Dhavan, N. and Rubin, J., 2021. Health-protective behaviour, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Psychological medicine, 51(10), pp.1763-1769.

Bae, S.Y. and Chang, P.J., 2021. The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), pp.1017-1035.

Chorus, I. and Welker, M., 2021. Toxic cyanobacteria in water: a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management (p. 858). Taylor & Francis.

Garfin, D.R., Silver, R.C. and Holman, E.A., 2020. The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health psychology, 39(5), p.355.

Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S. and Wessely, S., 2020. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic. bmj, 368.

Harris, C.E., Pritchard, M.S. and Rabins, M.J., 2018. Engineering ethics: Concepts and cases.

Hui, D.S., Azhar, E.I., Madani, T.A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T.D., Memish, Z.A., Drosten, C. and Zumla, A., 2020. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International journal of infectious diseases, 91, pp.264-266.

Kumar, N. and Goel, N., 2019. Phenolic acids: Environmental versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications. Biotechnology reports, 24, p.e00370.

Magill, S.S., Edwards, J.R., Bamberg, W., Beldavs, Z.G., Dumyati, G., Kainer, M.A., Lynfield, R., Maloney, M., McAllister-Hollod, L., Nadle, J. and Ray, S.M., 2014. Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care–associated infections. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(13), pp.1198-1208.

World Health Organization, 2022. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: incorporating the first and second addenda. World Health Organization.

Section B

Q1. Air Pollution’s Health Impacts: Brazil

The environmental pollution in Brazil’s air is a key public health problem that affects a lot of individuals all over the country. It usually has an effect on commons health and happiness, both locally and in general.

When individuals in Brazil are briefly exposed to polluted air, it has a lot of bad effects on their health. Undefended people who are exposed to high levels of air poisons, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), often have trouble living and feel tired. Individuals who are weak now, like kids, older persons, and people who have had breathing glitches in the past are especially useless when their subordinate effects get worse. Along with this, temporary openness is linked to more scientific evidence for lung infections and cardiovascular events like heart catastrophe and strokes (Lu, et al., 2015).

Individuals in Brazil who are exposed to polluted air for long periods of time suffer a wide range of dangerous long-term health effects. Investigators who study individuals have found links amid long-term exposure to air pollutants and a number of ongoing contaminants, such as heart diseases, lung infections, and other illnesses. Individuals who breathe in dirty air for long periods of time are likely to get lung illnesses like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Heart illnesses like high blood pressure, ischemic heart disease, and stroke are powerfully linked to long-term exposure to air contamination, which makes the situation dirtier and raises the death rate.

There are a lot of diverse and unclear reasons why the air in Brazil is dirty. Large cities with lots of individuals, modern movement, and car traffic, like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte, are making a lot of sound around town. High levels of air pollution are caused by modern trash, car fumes, burning wood, and outdoor activities in local areas. Using oil-based products for transportation, energy, and everyday life makes pollution worse and leads to more air poisons (Li, et al., 2019).

Diverse parts of the Brazilian population have diverse levels of exposure to polluted air, which leads to alterations in their health. A lot of the time, financial factors play a large role, and networks that aren’t taken into account carry an unfair share of the health effects of air pollution. Low-paying areas and temporary towns often have higher amounts of air pollution since they are closer to modern buildings, garbage dumps, and busy streets. Also, local systems are at risk of being exposed to air poisons, especially those that are close to areas with gardens or that have been pretentious by forest loss and wildfires (Brown, et al., 2020).

Taking care of the health effects of dirty air in Brazil takes a complicated approach that contains strategy mediations, mechanical developments, and general health drives. Some significant steps that need to be taken are switching to better energy sources, making transportation more environmentally friendly, enforcing tighter emission rules for companies, and refining systems for monitoring air quality and health in general. Also, specific mediations to protect vulnerable groups and reduce gaps in access are necessary to protect everyone’s health and endorse environmental justice in Brazil (Asmundson, and Taylor, 2020).

Q2. Effective Interventions for Air Pollution Reduction

More and more cases of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have been found in Sunford, Britain (Sheldon, 2014). To protect everyone’s health, it is significant to use evidence-based treatments to lower the damage caused by polluted air. Drawing on large schemes and best practices, the subsequent ideas can be used in a local setting:

1. Formation of Pollution-Free Zones: Work with local leaders and partners to create pollutant-free zones where kids, the elderly, and other weak individuals are not likely to be unprotected to air pollutants. These areas should focus on spots that are close to homes, schools, and medical offices so that they are less likely to be injured by traffic. Sticking to planned steps, like the UK’s Ideal Air Zones system, can help create unsoiled air zones and make sure air quality values are met (Lundgren, and McMakin, 2018).
2. Promotion of Active Transportation and Sustainable Flexibility: Encourage individuals not to drive their own cars and instead walk, ride bikes, or use public transportation. This will get rid of gridlocks and the release of contaminants. Putting in place things that encourage active transportation, like bike lanes and systems that make it easier for individuals to cross the street, can inspire individuals to use better and more environmental ways to get around. Additionally, adding improvements to public transport like longer routes and more common service can also lower the need for private cars and lower air pollution levels (Amirthalingam, et al., 2014).
3. Greening Initiatives and Urban Planning: Plant trees, create green areas, and remove plants from the side of the road as part of green foundation projects to progress the air quality and lessen the harmful effects of air pollution. Counting plans that focus on green areas in the planning and development of cities can help recover air quality, lower the effects of heat islands, and make cities more liveable overall. Also, incorporating green infrastructure into city planning efforts is in line with public plans that support sustainable city events and environmental protection (Amirthalingam, et al., 2014).
4. Enhanced Air Quality Monitoring and Public Awareness: Recover Sunford’s air quality monitoring systems to get a better idea of pollution levels and find places with a lot of open space. Spend money on setting up monitoring stations with constant monitors that can give accurate info on air quality indicators like ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM2.5), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Spread this information to as many individuals as possible through the internet, community service efforts, and educational projects. This will bring consideration to the health risks of breathing in dirty air and encourage individuals to take action to protect themselves (Lu, et al., 2015).
5. Collaboration and Policy Integration: Encourage local government offices, medical service providers, community groups, and support groups to work together to plan and carry out a plan for dealing with medical issues caused by air pollution. Include thinking about air quality in bigger health plans and strategies, like the leaders’ programmes for individuals with asthma and COPD, to make sure that all of the health effects of dirty air are taken into interpretation (Li, et al., 2019).

 

Q3. Communicating Key Points on Air Quality

Key Points to Communicate:

1. Health Risks Associated with Air Pollution:

Some of the health glitches that can happen since of dirty air are breathing glitches, heart problems, and dying too soon. Groups that are already weak, like young children and the elderly, are more likely to get sick since their immune systems aren’t as strong yet. Being exposed to pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) can make breathing glitches like asthma and COPD worse and also raise the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Defensive these weak groups are very significant, and needs to be done quickly to lower the risk of infection and the health glitches that come with it (Sheldon, 2014).

2. Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter:

Instructions about air pollution set by groups like the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the European Union (EU) are significant for protecting everyone’s health. Since PM2.5 and PM10 have such a large effect on health, these rules set satisfactory limits for these levels of particulate matter (PM). In fact, being exposed to PM can cause breathing and heart glitches even at low quantities, so regular observation is very significant. These rules must be followed in order to lower the health risks associated with air pollution and protect network performance (Asmundson, and Taylor, 2020).

3. Methods for Monitoring Air Quality:

Solid systems for checking the quality of the air are very significant for finding out how polluted the air is and how to recover individuals’ health. There are a number of diverse methods used, such as fixed observation points, movable units, and systems based on satellites. It’s significant to keep checking information so that it’s useful to everyone and assistances individuals make decisions about how to proceed. These systems let experts find areas of concern for contamination, keep an eye on long-term trends, and take specific steps to lessen the harmful effects of air pollution on health. Networks can actually check the quality of the air and find positive ways to protect everyone’s health by using diverse observation methods (Brown, et al., 2020).

 

 

4. Proposed Interventions by Sunford Council:

To protect individuals’ health and stop air pollution from getting worse, the Sunford Committee is taking action. Among the recommended solutions are taking steps to reduce pollution, like promoting clean transportation, creating areas free of pollution, and investing in green infrastructure. Improving systems for monitoring air quality is necessary to get a clear picture of pollution levels and find trouble spots. Working composed with associates, such as local groups and government agencies, will aid with the planning and carrying out of large-scale air quality management approaches. Also, state-funded training programmes will raise awareness about the health risks of dirty air and encourage individuals to change their behaviour to make things less open (Lundgren, and McMakin, 2018).

 

 

References

Amirthalingam, G., Andrews, N., Campbell, H., Ribeiro, S., Kara, E., Donegan, K., Fry, N.K., Miller, E. and Ramsay, M., 2014. Effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in England: an observational study. The Lancet, 384(9953), pp.1521-1528.

Asmundson, G.J. and Taylor, S., 2020. How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of anxiety disorders, 71, p.102211.

Brown, S.M., Doom, J.R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S.E. and Koppels, T., 2020. Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child abuse & neglect, 110, p.104699.

Li, P., Li, J., Feng, X., Li, J., Hao, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Yin, A., Zhou, J., Ma, X. and Wang, B., 2019. Metal-organic frameworks with photocatalytic bactericidal activity for integrated air cleaning. Nature communications, 10(1), p.2177.

Lu, Y., Song, S., Wang, R., Liu, Z., Meng, J., Sweetman, A.J., Jenkins, A., Ferrier, R.C., Li, H., Luo, W. and Wang, T., 2015. Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China. Environment international, 77, pp.5-15.

Lundgren, R.E. and McMakin, A.H., 2018. Risk communication: A handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks. John Wiley & Sons.

Sheldon, R.A., 2014. Green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: state of the art. Green Chemistry, 16(3), pp.950-963.